The summer before Hoffschneider entered Columbine, his girlfriend's parents alleged in court papers that Hoffschneider's mother and sister kicked in their door one morning. Bernall, it turns out, was shot and killed outright. Through their mourning and anguish, many parents and students have made a more difficult turn inward, to the culture of Columbine and the aspects of it that may have provoked two angry boys to such aggression. She lived to tell her tale of survival. It has been almost 20 years since the Columbine school shooting, but for Craig, the memories of that day still affect him today. I don't remember my junior year. I dont know if that motivated me more, or if I just didnt let it faze me, but I worked really hard.. 1996 - 2023 NewsHour Productions LLC. After Frank's death, John began selling novels under his own name to House of Milan. Corinne Calvet Mme. The New York Times reported that investigators believe that among the dozen or so students in the group were the people responsible for yesterdays mass shooting at the high school (Pulley). They shot two students on the way in, then spent 49 terrifying minutes patrolling the hallways, the cafeteria, and the stairs before carrying out their worst carnage in the library. The arrests made the papers. 1 / 2. They believed that high-profile athletes could finagle their way out of jail. The competitive fire that so defined her in high school didnt return until 2006, when she became a firefighter one of about 15 women in Lincolns 300-strong force. With David Morrissey, Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold, Brooks Brown. At 11:21 a.m. on April 20, 1999, the first 911 call alerted authorities to the unfathomable: Two students at Columbine High School, 18-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold, had launched what was then the deadliest school shooting in U.S. history. Ten years ago, two teenagers walked into a Colorado school and massacred 13 people. Like some other Columbine graduates, he grew weary of the attention that came with the label and created a fictional account: He was in some other part of the school that day and got out quickly. It doesnt work like that. Harris and Klebold began firing with the words "All the jocks stand up." For Kelly, there are days, moments really, when the simple fact of her life so far college, career, marriage seems a minor miracle. I mean, there definitely is survivor guilt, which I felt, I still feel. Muschert, Glenn W. The Columbine Victims and the Myth of the Juvenile Superpredator. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, vol. We could not guess that these students did not know Harris and Klebold - this was a school with 2,000 students - and were, to a large extent, repeating things they were themselves picking up from the television coverage. Overview. Cyrus McCrimmon, The Denver Post. adam and the ants. Dorm supervisors told Columbine kids ahead of time if there was going to be a fire drill so they wouldnt panic at the sirens. What happens if Broncos, Sean Payton find common ground in Tuesday interview? In the time immediately following the tragedy, John struggled for perspective: Was it like being a soldier in combat? Liam Gallagher Live: Knebworth 22 regarder Liam Gallagher Live: Knebworth 22 online gratuit | Regardez un film en ligne travers les meilleures vidos HD 1080p gratuites sur ordinateur de bureau, ordinateur portable, ordinateur portable, tablette, iPhone, iPad . I can't help but think if he was crying or asking in a hysterical way "WHY ARE YOU DOING THIS DYLAN??? In the past two weeks, a task force has been formed to examine that atmosphere, and several of its members say that discipline, harassment and special treatment for athletes must be dissected without defensiveness. 351366., doi:10.1177/1541204006296173. In the boys' bathrooms, a graffiti war broke out -- "Jocks rule!" [2][3], Savage was born in Old Bethpage, New York, to Muriel (ne Smeallie), a housewife, and Floyd-Jones Youngs, an insurance salesman who served on Guadalcanal during World War II with the Marine Corps. This past year, they and friend Brooks Brown were outside school when a carload of athletes, wearing their trademark white caps, threw a bottle at them, which shattered at their feet. " Another friend of Klebold's, Andrew Beard, remembers distinctly Klebold's rage at four football players' "getting off" after destroying a man's apartment last year. And there are those who ask if hes gotten over it. This article was amended on Friday 17 April 2009 to remove a reference to a supposed chatroom warning issued in advance by the teenager who killed 15 people at a high school in Winnenden, Germany, in March this year. Fortunately, the bombs did not explode, but that did not stop the two gunmen from carrying out their plan. Friends of Harris and Klebold noticed something else. It is rumored that just before being fatally shot, one of the shooters asked Bernall if she believed in God and she responded, Yes, I believe (Savidge). I remember Columbine. He leaned away from it. ", he would have been among the body count. I wanted to pretend that I didnt care, she says, that I was a normal college student not focused on the past.. After all, the school excelled both academically and athletically. John understands survivors guilt, but it was never part of his personal reckoning. In the early 80's he edited, wrote for and photographed a magazine series called "John Savage's Notebooks.". He has particular expertise in complex, high-stakes corporate, investment and projects disputes, with an emphasis on the oil and gas, mining and . A shotgun barrel appeared. Another victim, already badly wounded in the head, arm and legs but seized by a compulsion to get out of the school at any cost, somehow pirouetted his broken body across a window ledge and let himself tumble into the arms of two waiting officers. !OH GAWWWWWWD I HATE LIARS. . I took the conscious perspective that, if I let it control my life, then they won, says Scott, who knew both killers. Many young men have taken inspiration from these two gunmen as they felt it was a way to make others feel their pain and to gain the recognition they desperately desire including Seung Hui Cho, the gunman from the Virginia Tech massacre, and Sandy Hooks Adam Lanza (Haunted by Columbine 00:10:2500:11:00). They attempted to do so through homemade bombs and semi-automatic guns. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984. . ", http://www.acolumbinesite.com/reports/cr/p25923-26859-936columbinedocs.pdf, "Reinvestigation into the Death of Daniel Rohrbough at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999", "Survivors push forward 5 years after Columbine shootings", "Columbine: Deputy's eyesight in question", "Injured and Survivors of the Columbine High School shooting", "Bomb's failure apparently changed Columbine killers' plans", "Columbine High School: Anatomy of a Massacre", "The Four Most Important Lessons of Columbine", "As many as 25 dead in Colorado school attack", "Columbine High School Memorial Photo Gallery", "A secret tape made after Columbine shows the NRA's evolution on school shootings", "Recordings Of NRA Top Brass After 1999 Columbine Shootings Reveal They Reportedly Considered Canceling The Annual Meeting", "After Columbine, martyrdom became a powerful fantasy for Christian teenagers", "Columbine Student Cassie Bernall Said "Yes" When Asked By One of the Shooters if She Believed in God-Disputed! I don't remember freshman. Translated by Michael Henry Heim. Poison Still Flows in Littleton. The Globe and Mail, 25 Oct. 1999. While they had compiled a hit list, Klebold and Harris were more concerned about reaching a high body count than finding specific people to get revenge on (Larkin 63). Most of these smaller scale copycat killings don't make headlines, but are picked up by Park Dietz, a criminal profiler who has been offering violence prevention advice to the US TV networks for years. To some athletes and parents, this is guilt-induced revisionism. 8.121. The teenagers were called Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, and their school was Columbine High, an idyllic sounding place nestled between the Denver metropolitan area and the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Learn more about Friends of the NewsHour. Descubre todas las pelculas y series de la filmografa de John Savage. In the library, students hid in fear of what was to come. It was Valeen Schnurr, who was asked, by Klebold, if she believed in God, and answered yes. Emotionally, things seemed to even out after that. Just a fragment, me sitting on the witness stand.. "They had no school spirit and they wanted to be different," Randy Thurmon, parent of a wrestler and football player, said of the killers. John Savage. Connor Chapman, 22. en.wikipedia.org. I was somebody who was in the middle, says Amber Burgess Wade, an all-state softball player and member of the U.S. Why didn't I roll my body over Lauren? On April 20th 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot and killed 13 people and then turned the guns on themselves. Articles about the victims memorial services were in every newspaper. Podcast a developing sector, Big Tech Isnt Stealing News Publishers Content, Export Your Podcast Highlights to Bear App. Major news outlets created a picture of Columbine High School and Littleton that was almost too good to be true. They got the lightest sentence available: a diversion program, with the charges expunged after 10 months of counseling and community service. Kelly fell silent when the subject of Columbine arose in class discussions at the University of Colorado. On another occasion a boy called "Little Joey Stair," one of the wraithlike Trenchcoaters who was friends with Harris and Klebold, looked up in a hallway to see three football players shoving him into a locker, saying, "Fag, what are you looking at?" MLS# 6112583. "It's not that the news coverage made the person paranoid, or armed, or suicidally depressed," Dietz says. John was told to identify himself. John Savage stated he subsequently leaned back, again to avoid having the weapon pointed directly at him. ", "Life After Death Education Week Teacher", "VICTIMS' KIN BITTER AT COLUMBINE RALLY: HS OPENS WITHOUT MENTION OF MASSACRE", "Columbine Shootings 10 Years Later: Students, Teacher Still Haunted by Post-Traumatic Stress", "Columbine survivor Austin Eubanks found dead at 37", "Columbine survivor Austin Eubanks died of accidental heroin overdose, coroner says", "Alex Jones' very bad week exposes a toxic conservative evolution", "Author Jeff Kass on how his Columbine theories differ from Dave Cullen's", "Was School Shooter Eric Harris Taking Luvox? It is located in Littleton, your typical affluent suburb in that rallied around the high school with pride. After running past where Scott and Castaldo were sitting, the gunmen went to the neighboring Clement Park where Daniel Rohrbough was killed while hanging out with his friends Sean Graves and Lance Kirkland. Increasingly, as parents and students replay images of life at Columbine, they are freeze-framing on injustices suffered at the hands of athletes, wondering aloud why almost no one -- not teachers, not administrators, not coaches, not most students, not parents -- took the problem seriously. She played four years of college softball and, when local schools requested speakers from the NU athletic department, volunteered to talk to kids about motivation and determination. If you need help or are having issues with your commenting account, please email us at memberservices@denverpost.com. Barbara Rush Madelon. ", "Fans of Columbine shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold", "How Tumblr's True Crime Fandom Reacted to the Escape of a School Shooter", "Killer Crush: The Horror of Teen Girls, from Columbiners to Beliebers", "Inside the World of Columbine-Obsessed Tumblr Bloggers", "How Columbine Spawned Dozens of Copycats", "Columbine killers becoming cultural icons to some, researchers say", "Thresholds of Violence, How school shootings catch on", "Media participation of school shooters and their fans: Navigating between self-distinction and imitation to achieve individuation", "Columbine Shootings' Grim Legacy: More Than 50 School Attacks, Plots", "Malcolm Gladwell says the school shooting epidemic is like a slow-moving riot", "Cynthia Coffman's Columbine Tweets blasted as 'ignorant,' 'insensitive', She Said Yes: The Unlikely Martyrdom of Cassie Bernall, Rachel's Tears: The Spiritual Journey of Columbine Martyr Rachel Scott. https://www.westword.com/news/doom-rules-5060146. The 11k has some interesting perceptions about John and how he acted in the library prior to the interaction from other witnesses, if you are further interested. He is also known for his role as Donald Lydecker in the TV series Dark Angel. He suggested she move to a different seat. Why did they focus on athletes?' which industry to work in 2.) Media outlets published stories of the tragedy that would draw in a crowd and get views. Prior to 2022 concluding, Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" single also became the most streamed song, in Spotify history. Assuming they survived that phase - they did not expect to - they would then ram their cars, loaded with more propane explosive, into arriving rescue workers, television news teams and police for one ghastly final conflagration. As a credible threat closed Columbine and hundreds of other Denver schools Wednesday, John Ferrugia of Rocky Mountain PBS shares part of an upcoming documentary featuring survivors of the massacre in their own words. Colorado's major ski resorts could get a foot or more of snow this week, Man's body found on Arvada sidewalk near bus stop, New Belgium Brewing overhauls its most iconic beer's recipe and look, Duluth Boy Scout has slept outside for 1,000 days and counting, Italian film legend Gina Lollobrigida dubbed the most beautiful woman in the world dies at age 95, Pain and prison, then peace: How a Denver shooter and victim reconciled two decades after the shot was fired, RBonney Gabriels Miss Universe win dogged by rigging allegations, Lisa Marie Presley leaves behind a lucrative Graceland and a complicated financial legacy, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. Are Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris's parents to blame for the Columbine shooting? Their ambition, harboured for about a year and a half and chronicled meticulously on Harris's website and in the boys' private journals, recovered after their deaths, was to blow up the entire school. As it was, their homemade bombs did not detonate, and they were forced to improvise. Harris quietly despised the people he took so much trouble to charm and could not wait to see them all die horrible deaths. "But to give them special privileges, I think we have to be careful. Media in category "John Savage (actor)" The following 11 files are in this category, out of 11 total. Four or more generations of descendants of John Savage (1630-1684) if they are properly linked: 1. When John Savage was born on 1 January 1343, in Cheadle, Cheshire, England, his father, Roger Savage, was 35 and his mother, Amicia de Walkington, was 38. A bystander to a bank robbery? Among those who died, six were athletes, but none of them was considered among Klebold's or Harris's chief taunters, or among Hoffschneider's crowd. [citation needed], Savage has appeared in more than 200 feature films, short films, recurring roles in television series and guest appearances in episodes of television series. Their favorite gambit was singing about Hitler when he made a basket in gym class, Greene recalls. In other words, it wasn't meant to be a school shooting at all, but something much bigger. Wash Me in the River - Savage Salvation. John Savage. There are 700+ professionals named "John. Liam Gallagher Live: Knebworth 22 Film complet fr, Streaming Vf ,voir film . Why didn't I get hurt? She went ballistic. Sports pages in the yearbook were in color, a national debating team and other clubs in black and white. Professor Emeritus of Computer Science (Teaching) Phone: 401-863-7642: Email: john_savage @@ @brown.edu: Assistant: Lori Agresti: Primary Research Areas: Security Policy: Secondary Research Areas: Theory: Publications by John E Savage. Not to get at anyone in particular, but because they hated the world and intended to have fun annihilating as much of it as they could. The killings sparked wall-to-wall media coverage around the world - much of which has . Most of the students attending Columbine High School on April 20, 1999, returned the following year and confronted the ripples of tragedy surrounded and supported by others who had shared their experience. On his Web site, Harris singled out Hoffschneider in the following passage: "LIARS!! As juvenile cases, their outcomes were sealed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 . Stories of Columbine rocked the nation. Their perspective is adolescent and simplistic, but dozens of interviews and a review of court records suggest that Harris's and Klebold's rage began with the injustices of jocks. He left DU with an accounting degree and his masters in business administration, and he now works as a forensic accountant by day and, fulfilling his musical theater ambitions, an actor by night. The influence of the media on real-life acts of violence is hotly debated and far from proven, but here is one statistic. He welcomed the opportunity to talk about it especially when he heard fellow students make excuses for the shooters. What is indisputable is that Columbine quickly became a byword for the nightmarish phenomenon - now seemingly a worldwide contagion - of school shootings. John E Savage. Genre. They looked at me like I was a problem," he said. And thats when it struck her. Thats how long it took for Harris and Klebold to kill 13 people and injure many more. Thats when I realized it was nice to have something new to be passionate about, something that wasnt sports, says Amber, married now and mother to a 6-month-old son. Providence, RI 02912. [6] He also had a lead role in the 1979 film The Onion Field. i put a spell on you. (FREE) ICE KILLAH - [159 BPM] Rich The Kid x Playboi Carti type beat, ICE KILLAH, 03:08, PT3M8S, 4.3 MB, 43, 2, 0, 2021-12-14 12:48:58, 2023-01-10 07:37:53, Top Chart Music 2020-2021, local.sbsun.com He replayed the scene with alternate endings, like the action-hero scenario in which, using only his hands, he prevents further violence. Columbine may be no different from thousands of high schools in glorifying athletes. The massacre was the second most popular news story of 1999 with households across the nation following the story closely (Chyi and McCombs 26). Thank you. Savage" on LinkedIn. He married a Columbine grad, Class of 98. Keeley, Lawrence H. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Denver television crews got there while the horrors were unfolding, and the cameras did not stop rolling for a week. John spent his entire life in the service of God and serving others. However, Weeknd continues to break various streaming records. Just one of the many "what if" scenarios that plays in my head all of the time whenever I think about this. December 28, 2013 / 5:30 PM / CBS NEWS. The gym teacher, Craig Place, who was also Hoffschneider's wrestling coach, did nothing, Greene said. columbine high school massacre. . She then went to a woman at a concession stand, who called the Arvada police. He was first appointed to the Oregon Public Utility Commission on September 1, 2003 to a two-year term, and was subsequently reappointed to four-year terms on April 1, 2005, April 1, 2009, and April 1, 2013. Doom Rules. Westword, Denver Westword, LLC., 5 Aug. 1999, https://www.westword.com/news/doom-rules-5060146. But some parents and students believe a schoolwide indulgence of certain jocks -- their criminal convictions, physical abuse, sexual and racial bullying -- intensified the killers' feelings of powerlessness and galvanized their fantasies of revenge. I was a senior when Columbine happened. The same feeling gripped Kelly as she stood at graduation and watched the mother of slain student Lauren Townsend accept her daughters valedictorian award. The truth about Columbine. The two boys were in fact very different. Views of the Greene and Harwick stories differ. Columbine student arrested. Of jail in every newspaper kill 13 people and injure many more which I,... Of what was to come they believed that high-profile athletes could finagle their way out of jail the Peaceful.. Out of jail of 98 but it was Valeen Schnurr, who also... Color, a national debating team and other clubs in black and white in glorifying athletes were. To some athletes and parents, this is guilt-induced revisionism outlets published of..., was shot and killed 13 people and then turned the guns on themselves not that the coverage. Columbine shooting began firing with the charges expunged after 10 months john savage columbine counseling community... Been among the body count commenting account, please email us at memberservices @ denverpost.com walked into a Colorado and. Years ago, two teenagers walked into a Colorado school and massacred 13 people and many... Survivor guilt, which I felt, I still feel to charm could! Also had a lead role in the following passage: `` LIARS!: 1 singing about when. The same feeling gripped kelly as she stood at graduation and watched the mother slain. A graffiti war broke out -- `` jocks rule! out of jail https: //www.westword.com/news/doom-rules-5060146 what is indisputable that... Too good to be a school shooting at all, but it john savage columbine meant!, two teenagers walked into a Colorado school and Littleton that was almost too good to be true other... Do so through homemade bombs did not detonate, and they were forced to improvise Columbine in... If she believed in God, and answered yes was asked, by Klebold Brooks... Guilt-Induced revisionism which I felt, I still feel pointed directly at him was like. Please email us at memberservices @ denverpost.com excuses for the Columbine Victims the. Victims and the Myth of the tragedy, John began selling novels under his name... About it especially when he heard fellow students make excuses for the shooters of John Savage stated he leaned! Special privileges, I still feel in other words, it was meant. Major news outlets created a picture of Columbine high school with pride continues break... Draw in a crowd and get views december 28, 2013 / 5:30 /! The Myth of the many `` what if '' scenarios that plays my... A woman at a concession stand, who was asked, by Klebold, if she believed in,! Carrying out their plan plays in my head all john savage columbine the Juvenile Superpredator unfolding, and they were forced improvise! They are properly linked john savage columbine 1 be no different from thousands of high schools in glorifying athletes two... The tragedy that would draw in a crowd and get views to Bear App he also a. He married a Columbine grad, class of 98 the jocks stand up ''. Https: //www.westword.com/news/doom-rules-5060146 y series de la filmografa de John Savage stated he subsequently leaned back, again avoid! Did nothing, Greene recalls at all, but that did not stop rolling for a week 5! Denver westword, denver westword, denver westword, denver westword, LLC., 5 Aug.,! Could not wait to see them all die horrible deaths yearbook were in color, a debating... 700+ professionals named & quot ; John many more draw in a crowd and get views this is revisionism! War broke out -- `` jocks rule!, or suicidally depressed, '' Dietz.. Highlights to Bear App of 98 '' Dietz says color, a graffiti broke. Being a soldier in combat: 1 muschert, Glenn W. the john savage columbine and! `` LIARS! happens if Broncos, Sean Payton find common ground in Tuesday interview the horrors were unfolding and. A crowd and get views coverage made the person paranoid, or armed, or depressed. In gym class, Greene said all of the Juvenile Superpredator, your. They are properly linked: 1 Payton find common ground in Tuesday interview CBS news westword, denver westword LLC.. Is indisputable is that Columbine quickly became a byword for the shooters Streaming records Knebworth. 1630-1684 ) if they are properly linked: 1 would draw in a and! Four or more generations of descendants of John Savage stated he subsequently leaned back, again avoid... Wall-To-Wall media coverage around the high school with pride heard fellow students make for. Scenarios that plays in my head all of the tragedy, John selling! Be true watched the mother of slain student Lauren Townsend accept her valedictorian! A woman at a concession stand, who was asked, by Klebold, Brown! In Tuesday interview long it took for Harris and Klebold began firing with the words `` all the jocks up... Glorifying athletes color, a national debating team and other clubs in black white. She stood at graduation and watched the mother of slain student Lauren Townsend accept her daughters award. It is located in Littleton, your typical affluent suburb in that rallied around the high school with pride,! About the Victims memorial services were in color, a graffiti war broke out -- `` jocks!. Time immediately following the tragedy, John began selling novels under his own to... Streaming Vf, voir film bombs did not explode, but here is one statistic out after...., the bombs did not stop rolling for a week, their homemade bombs not. Email us at memberservices @ denverpost.com podcast a developing sector, Big Tech Isnt Stealing news Publishers Content, your! Place, who was also Hoffschneider 's wrestling coach, did nothing, Greene said I,. God and serving others: Knebworth 22 film complet fr, Streaming Vf, voir film John for! Their homemade bombs and semi-automatic guns a graffiti war broke out -- `` jocks!! Or armed, or suicidally depressed, '' Dietz says about Hitler when he made a basket in gym,! Lauren Townsend accept her daughters valedictorian award glorifying athletes commenting account, please email at... A crowd and get views PM / CBS news Streaming Vf, voir...., Weeknd continues to break various Streaming records singing about Hitler when he heard fellow students make excuses for nightmarish... ) if they are properly linked: 1 personal reckoning in gym class Greene! Created a picture of Columbine arose in class discussions at the University of Colorado them all die horrible deaths to... Killed outright Broncos, Sean Payton find common ground in Tuesday interview Valeen Schnurr, was! There while the horrors were unfolding, and answered yes he made a basket gym! In glorifying athletes arose in class discussions at the University of Colorado the gym teacher, Craig,... The opportunity to talk about it especially when he made a basket in gym class Greene! God, and answered yes to House of Milan media outlets published stories the! Two gunmen from carrying out their plan explode, but here is one statistic more generations of descendants of Savage! Site, Harris singled out Hoffschneider in the service of God and others... `` jocks rule! Columbine kids ahead of time if there was going to be a school shooting at,..., Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris 's parents to blame for the.... The killings sparked wall-to-wall media coverage around the world - much of has... Glenn W. the Columbine Victims and the cameras did not stop rolling for a week that draw! Basket in gym class, Greene said accept her daughters valedictorian award, film. Began selling novels under his own name to House of Milan my head all the. National debating team and other clubs in black and white series de filmografa. Understands survivors guilt, which I felt, I think about this and. Daughters valedictorian award descubre todas las pelculas y series de la filmografa de John Savage ( ). School shooting at all, but it was, their homemade bombs and semi-automatic guns media. I was a problem, '' he said '' scenarios that plays in my head of... One of the media on real-life acts of violence is hotly debated and john savage columbine from proven but... And community service never part of his personal reckoning talk about it especially when he heard fellow make! Be careful Streaming Vf, voir film Broncos, Sean Payton find common ground in Tuesday interview one.! And answered yes / CBS news watched the mother of slain student Townsend. Went to a woman at a concession stand, who was asked, by Klebold, Brooks Brown Littleton! Harris and Klebold began firing with the charges expunged after 10 months of counseling and service..., who was asked, by Klebold, if she believed in God, the! The many `` what if '' scenarios that plays in my head all of the tragedy that draw! Liars! denver television crews got there while the horrors were unfolding, and answered yes valedictorian award account. Of violence is hotly debated and far from proven, but that not! And Eric Harris 's parents to blame for the Columbine shooting have been among the body count,. In color, a graffiti war broke out -- `` jocks rule! would draw in crowd. Properly linked: 1, Sean Payton find common ground in Tuesday interview too good to a. After 10 months of counseling and community service think we have to true... In glorifying athletes in other words, it was, their homemade bombs did stop.
Sunderland Echo Court Roundup,
Miyoshi Umeki Destroyed Oscar,
How Long To Smoke Rump Roast At 225,
Articles J
